Chemotherapy — sometimes simply called “Chemo”— is the use of drugs to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells. It is one of the most common and effective treatments for cancer and can be used alone or in combination with surgery, radiation therapy, or other medications. Because chemotherapy drugs travel through the bloodstream to reach cancer cells throughout the body, they are particularly useful when cancer has spread or is at risk of spreading. Being well-informed about what chemotherapy involves can help you and your family prepare and make decisions that are right for you.

Chemotherapy

Key Index

1. What is Chemotherapy

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2. Preparing for Chemotherapy

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3. Treatment

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4. Side Effects and Managing Them

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How Chemotherapy Affects the Blood

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Nerve and Muscle Effects

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Sex & Fertility

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Effects

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FAQs about Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy drugs damage cells that are dividing rapidly. Most chemotherapy drugs enter the bloodstream and travel throughout the body to target cancer cells in organs and tissues. This is called systemic treatment. In some cases, chemotherapy is delivered directly to the site of the cancer (local chemotherapy). You may receive a single drug or a combination of drugs, depending on the type of cancer you have.

Chemotherapy can be used for different reasons:

Chemotherapy is most commonly given intravenously (through a drip into a vein), though it can also be given as tablets, injections, or through a portable pump carried at home. You may feel a small needle prick when the drip is inserted, and occasionally a mild coolness or sensation in the arm— but the infusion itself is generally not painful. If you experience burning, stinging, or swelling at the IV site, tell your nurse immediately. 
Chemotherapy is given in cycles, with rest periods in between to allow the body to recover. The duration depends on the type of cancer and the drugs being used. A typical course may last four to six months, though it can be shorter or longer. Maintenance or palliative chemotherapy may continue for a longer period. Your treating team will outline the expected schedule at the start of your treatment.
Chemotherapy targets rapidly dividing cells — and while cancer cells divide quickly, so do some healthy cells, including those in the blood, mouth, digestive system, and hair follicles. Side effects occur when chemotherapy damages these normal cells. Importantly, healthy cells can recover, which is why most side effects are temporary and gradually improve once treatment ends.
Side effects vary depending on the drugs used and the individual. Common ones include:
Always report side effects to your care team so they can be managed promptly.
Every person’s experience with chemotherapy is different, but some practical steps can help:
Experiencing side effects or the absence of side effects does not necessarily mean the treatment is working. Treatment response is assessed through physical examinations by your oncologist and tests such as blood work, scans, and imaging.

Blood cells are made in the bone marrow and divide rapidly, making them vulnerable to chemotherapy.

Red blood cells — carry oxygen; a drop in these can cause anaemia
White blood cells — fight infection; a low count (neutropenia) increases your risk of serious infection
Platelets — help blood to clot; low levels (thrombocytopenia) can cause easy bruising or bleeding

Blood tests are carried out before each chemotherapy cycle to check your counts. If they are too low, treatment may be delayed until they recover.

Contact your care team immediately or go to the nearest hospital if you experience:
During chemotherapy, even a minor infection can become serious very quickly. Do not hesitate to seek help.
Chemotherapy can affect fertility in both men and women, though not always permanently. For women, it may cause irregular or absent periods, or in some cases, early menopause. For men, it may temporarily or permanently reduce sperm count.
Take the time you need. After a diagnosis, it may feel as if everything is moving very fast— but it is important to discuss all available options with your treating team before making a decision. Ask about your disease, the treatment plan, possible side effects, and costs. Write down what you are told and do not hesitate to ask for clarification. A second opinion is always an option and can help you feel more confident in your treatment decisions.